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shepherd’s pie, dish of British Isles origin that makes use of vegetables and chopped meat cooked in a casserole topped with or surrounded by mashed potatoes.
British cookbooks dating to the 18th century contain recipes for “cottage pie,” the humble dwelling named suggesting the frugal use of ingredients, often leftovers. A true pie is contained in whole or in part in a pastry shell, but a canonical cottage pie makes use of sliced boiled potatoes on the bottom and top with the middle taken up by a stew of chopped beef, vegetables, and gravy. A common and indeed more usual variation replaces sliced with mashed potatoes.
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Shepherd’s pie is another variation on the cottage pie. In its classic form, as its name suggests, lamb is used for the meat filling. Today lamb is less often seen than beef, which renders it largely indistinguishable from cottage pie and gives purists a cause for argument. The chief difference is that, apart from lamb, any meat, including chicken and even fish, can be incorporated into the capacious recipe for shepherd’s pie, as can a broad range of vegetables such as onions, peas, and greens; shepherd’s pie can also be vegetarian and even vegan and still fit within the confines of the dish’s definition, which essentially affords a vehicle for home cooks to use leftovers from previous meals in a pleasing way. Cottage pie is more strictly defined, limited by the use of beef alone.
The name “shepherd’s pie” first appeared in an English cookbook of 1877 that attributes the dish to Scotland while complaining that it is “too farinaceous,” since the potato topping was evidently itself topped by a wheat-flour shell. Though not by that name, a recipe with that shell also appears in a Scottish cookbook of 1862. The dish is no doubt much older still. Today a shepherd’s pie has no shell but instead is a casserole of layered mashed potatoes on top and bottom with a filling in the middle. Some cookbooks distinguish between Irish and Scottish versions, the former using lamb and the latter using beef and “neeps,” or turnips. Many versions also forgo the bottom layer of potatoes, using them only as a top crust.
Shepherd’s pie is popular throughout the British Isles and is served both at home and in homey settings such as pubs but also sometimes in fine dining establishments. It has become popular elsewhere as well, especially in India and North America, with chefs ranging from Alton Brown to Martha Stewart and Emeril Lagasse offering their own versions of what is now regarded as a classic comfort-food dish.
