Reduce Kale’s Bitterness by Rinsing It Twice | Cook's Illustrated (2024)

Science

Washing your leaves before and after prepping them makes all the difference.

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Published Jan. 13, 2023.

Reduce Kale’s Bitterness by Rinsing It Twice | Cook's Illustrated (1)

As far as greens go, kale gets a bad rap. It’s hearty and tough, for one, but it also boasts a bittersweet pungency that some find off-putting.

In cooked applications (like our Roasted Kale with Garlic, Red Pepper Flakes, and Lemon)that assertive flavor is no big deal—kale’s flavor mellows significantly with cooking. But what about raw applications like salads? Even if you’re a fan of kale's flavor, salads often require extra dressing to balance out the bitterness.

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How Rinsing Twice Leads to Tastier Kale

Much like in onions and garlic, kale’s bitterness is only formed when the vegetable is sliced, chopped, massaged, or chewed.

When cells in a leaf of kale are intact, an enzyme called myrosinase and sulfur-containing compound glucosinolate are separated from one another.

When cells are damaged, the myrosinase and glucosinolate interact and create isothiocyanates, the compounds responsible for kale's pungency.

I’m going to guess that when you prep kale, you rinse the leaves to get rid of any dirt and then cut them to the desired size. But you should rinse after prepping too.

All of your prep leads to the creation of pungent isothiocyanates. By rinsing after prepping, you can remove some of the isothiocyanates for milder kale leaves that need less dressing to taste good.

How to Make Kale More Tender

Once you’ve tamed its flavor, there’s just one more step to get your kale salad-ready: tenderizing the hearty leaves. For this, you have three options.

Massaging

The technique that has gotten the most attention and suffered the most teasing and ridicule is massaging. But the technique is easy and effective: Simply grab handfuls of kale leaves and physically break down the leaf’s structure.

Soaking

Letting stemmed and cut kale soak in a bath of hot tap water (about 112 degrees) for about 10 minutes helps the leaves wilt slightly, creating a tender yet still crunchy texture.

Think of the hot water as a very mild form of blanching. The elevated temperature speeds up enzymes that break down cell walls. (The enzyme in question, polygalacturonase, also breaks down cell walls in fruits like tomatoes as they ripen.)

Resting

Your third option is to let the kale rest.

Dressing kale leaves with salad dressing and refrigerating them for at least 20 minutes (or up to overnight), has a softening effect. The oil in the dressing “wets” the waxy, water-repelling surface of the kale leaves, which causes them to soften.

For even more tender leaves, try combining these techniques.

And to learn more about kale, watch the latest episode of What’s Eating Dan? below.

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Reduce Kale’s Bitterness by Rinsing It Twice | Cook's Illustrated (2)

Reduce Kale’s Bitterness by Rinsing It Twice | Cook's Illustrated (2024)

FAQs

Reduce Kale’s Bitterness by Rinsing It Twice | Cook's Illustrated? ›

But you should rinse after prepping too. All of your prep leads to the creation of pungent isothiocyanates. By rinsing after prepping, you can remove some of the isothiocyanates for milder kale leaves that need less dressing to taste good.

How do you cook kale so it's not bitter? ›

Cutting the stem of kale and marinating it with olive oil and salt can help reduce bitterness.

Why does massaging kale reduce bitterness? ›

Massaging kale for salad makes the vegetable more palatable by releasing its bitter compounds and—as a result—making the kale less bitter. This simple process breaks down the vegetable's fibrous texture, making it more tender, easier to chew, and more digestible.

Which kale is less bitter? ›

Tuscan Kale

Tuscan kale goes by many names. Among them are dinosaur kale, cavolo nero, and black kale. This kale has longer spear-like leaves with a pebbled appearance and a dark, mottled green color. Its flavor is deep and earthy — it's less bitter than curly leafed, with an almost-nutty sweetness.

Why does kale taste bitter? ›

Bitter greens are leafy greens or vegetables that have an intense bitter flavor profile. They include kale, mustard greens, collards, turnip greens, broccoli rabe, radicchio, chicory, and endive. The bitterness comes from chemical compounds called glucosinolates that can be found in the Brassica family.

What cancels bitterness? ›

Sweetness: From sugar, honey, fruits or otherwise, sweetness will counteract bitter and sour flavours. It can also be used to cut down the heat of a particularly spicy meal. Saltiness: Salt plays two very important roles in flavouring a dish. Firstly, it balances against bitterness.

How do you fix too much bitterness? ›

The Fix: Balance bitter flavors by introducing something salty, sweet, or sour. For naturally bitter foods such as kale, you can soften the flavor by add a lemony vinaigrette, Parmesan cheese, and pomegranate seeds. You can also elevate kale by tossing it olive oil and salt, then roasting it in the oven until crispy.

What happens if you don't massage kale? ›

Kale is fibrous and can be difficult to munch compared to other greens like romaine lettuce or spinach. The rubbing, kneading motion helps to tenderize the veg and make it easier to chew and digest. Try this for raw kale you are going to be serving or eating right away.

Should you soak kale before eating? ›

Why You Should Soak Kale. Not only does soaking kale tenderize it, it also pulls double duty by cleaning it and improving the flavor at the same time. It produces the same results as massaging, with a fraction of the work.

How long to massage kale before eating? ›

How to Massage Kale. Our go-to method: Add chopped kale to a large bowl and top with lemon juice and olive oil. Use clean hands to massage for about 3 minutes to soften the leaves and infuse the leaves with the oil and lemon. A pinch of salt added near the end of massaging adds even more flavor.

Is baby kale as healthy as regular kale? ›

Olivia's Organics Baby Kale offers all the flavor and nutritional benefits of its full-grown kale counterpart, but its leaves are more tender and it cooks more quickly. That makes it an ideal healthy addition to salads and cooked recipes as well as a standout side dish.

Which is more bitter spinach or kale? ›

As far as taste, kale can tend to be more bitter than spinach, but also holds its shape better in cooking.

Which is the most bitter vegetables in the world? ›

1. Bitter gourd. Bitter melon, or bitter melon, is a green melon, similar in shape to a cucumber but with rough skin and a very bitter taste.

How long should I soak kale in vinegar? ›

Place the clean leaves in the sink or a big bowl and fill it with water. Add 3-4 tablespoons of baking soda and 1/2 cup of vinegar to the water. Mix and let rest at least 20 minutes. Rinse and drain the kale leaves.

How do you sweeten bitter kale? ›

But, you can also tame the flavors by adding a little sweetness to the mix too, such as a pinch of white or brown sugar or even a bit of honey or other liquid sweeteners like agave nectar or maple syrup. Just be sure to add in a little at a time when cooking so your kale doesn't come out too sweet.

Can you eat kale raw? ›

Adding kale to your meals

Kale holds its texture well when cooked, and it can be steamed, stir-fried, roasted or eaten raw. You can blend it into smoothies, roast it to make kale chips, wilt it into soup, mash it with potatoes or turn it into pesto.

How do you nullify bitterness? ›

Easy Ways to Reduce Bitter Taste in Any Food
  1. 1 Balance out bitterness with some fat.
  2. 2 Cover the flavor with sweetness.
  3. 3 Sprinkle some salt over your food.
  4. 4 Try a pinch of baking soda.
  5. 5 Squeeze in some vinegar or lemon juice.
  6. 6 Add some spice to your foods.
  7. 7 Cook with herbs to cut through the bitter taste.
Apr 10, 2024

How to remove bitterness from greens? ›

The foods that help reduce bitterness are:
  1. Salt while cooking and/or while eating (like on bitter salad greens)
  2. Sweet or Spicy.
  3. Sour or Acids like lemon or vinegar.
  4. Long cooking like braising (think southern collard greens that are cooked for hours)
  5. Blanch first.
Jul 7, 2021

Does blanching kale make it less bitter? ›

Raw kale is fibrous, bitter and can be tough to chew. Blanching it helps soften its fibers and bitterness while making it easier to chew. You definitely don't always have to blanch kale.

Does freezing kale make it less bitter? ›

Kale can be frozen without blanching but should be used within 4 weeks. Blanching greens before freezing stops the naturally-occurring ripening enzymes in the leaves. This will ensure that the leaves taste fresh and will not develop a bitter taste. Blanched kale will last up to 1 year in the freezer.

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